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2008-2-25

鲁楠、陆宇峰:卢曼的生前与身后

1992年,英美法学界最负盛名的学者哈特去世,留给他的对手——另一位伟大的法理学家德沃金一篇字斟句酌的辩论文章(哈特《法律的概念》的后记)。老当益壮的德沃金不顾“死者为大”的人之常情,反而“乘胜追击”,在哈特去世12年之后,发表长文对哈特给予整体性的抨击。以常情常理来看,老德沃金这种近乎 “鞭尸”的行动实在是让人无法理解,但洞悉整个二十世纪法学理论发展脉络的人们深知:哈特与德沃金之争所牵涉的问题如此深广,以至于这个问题不是哈特与德沃金以及他们代表的法学理论研究可以作顺水人情、批发处理的。或许,将辩论继续下去,反倒是对死去的哈特最高的敬意和祭奠吧。

德沃金与哈特论争的焦点是什么?抛开种种细节,我们将发现双方念兹在兹的问题是法律正当性的来源。如果从一种“描述性”的立场出发,现代社会法律的正当性似乎来自于它的语义结构本身,用现今时髦的理论话语来表述便是:法律“自我指涉地”建构了它的正当性;但如果从一种“规范性”的立场出发,则现代社会的法律似乎是由外在于它的某种(或某些)社会正义观念所主宰和决定的。乍一看来,后一种立场似乎更符合普通人的直觉,古罗马人凯尔苏斯早就说过:“法是善良与公正的艺术”。但结合现代社会法律走向自治的大趋势来思考,问题似乎不是那么简单。在由“法律城邦”迈向“法律帝国”的历史长程中,法律确然逐步地与宗教规训、道德律令分开了。就好像游走世界的商人们挂在嘴边的“在商言商”(Business is business)一样,法律人也会用“法言法语”要求所有进入“法律帝国”的人们“在法言法”(Law is law)。

也许在“法律帝国”的“开放”与“封闭”背后,是“事实”与“规范”的角逐,是旁观者视角与参与者视角的转换,更深层次地讲,这个辩论本身便暗藏着现代性的隐喻。可惜法律学人常为加入“德(沃金)派”还是“哈(特)派”所苦,在观察者与参与者之间来回地折腾。殊不知在此之前,社会理论界两位堪称大师级的人物早已就这个问题在更为深广的层次上展开了辩论——这两位时代的主角便是卢曼与哈贝马斯。

要了解卢曼与哈贝马斯之争,考察其各自的人生履历和师承关系是一个有趣的切入点。卢曼是美国结构功能主义社会学大师帕森斯的学生,后者是第一个将马克斯·韦伯的作品译介到美国的学者。与卢曼不同,哈贝马斯则被认为是法兰克福学派“批判理论”的当代传人,而“批判理论”的思想源头可追溯至马克思。卢曼早年曾经担任政府公务员,而哈贝马斯则做过短时间的记者。从这个意义上讲,来自政治系统、弃官从学的卢曼夹带着马克斯·韦伯的“价值无涉”和对现代性的悲观立场,与来自公共领域、立意接续现代性香火的哈贝马斯碰撞到了一起。这种碰撞所引燃的思想烈火注定要照亮法学理论的琐碎争论所带来的昏暗。让我们从卢曼精心描述的现代性隐喻开始起步吧!

» 继续阅读 鲁楠、陆宇峰:卢曼的生前与身后 全文

2008-2-24

New Book: How Judges Think by Richard A. Posner

How Judges ThinkRichard A. Posner, How Judges Think, Harvard University Press, 2008.

补充预告:本书中译本已由苏力教授翻译完成,将于2008年12月由北京大学出版社出版,敬请关注。

From Publishers Weekly

Posner is unique in the world of American jurisprudence, a highly regarded U.S. appellate judge and a prolific and controversial writer on legal philosophy (The Little Book of Plagiarism). Opinionated, sarcastic and argumentative as ever, Posner is happy to weigh in not only on how judges think, but how he thinks they should think. When sticking to explaining the nine intellectual approaches to judging that he identifies, and to the gap between legal academics and judges, and his well-formulated pragmatic approach to judging, Posner is insightful, accessible, often funny and a model of clarity. When he charges off into longstanding arguments with fellow legal theorists (liberal commentator Ronald Dworkin, for one) or examines doctrinal discrepancies in the opinions of Supreme Court justices, he writes for a far more limited audience. For the record, although Justice Scalia is a favorite target, none of the Supreme Court nine escapes Posner’s lethally sharp pen. Posner’s two major points—that to a great extent judges make decisions based not on theory but on who they are, their gender, education, class and experiences, and that the Supreme Court is a political court regardless of what theory of constitutional interpretation justices claim—are well worthwhile and deeply rooted in common sense and experience. (Apr.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Review

Publishers Weekly: Posner is unique in the world of American jurisprudence, a highly regarded U.S. appellate judge and a prolific and controversial writer on legal philosophy. Opinionated, sarcastic and argumentative as ever, Posner is happy to weigh in not only on how judges think, but how he thinks they should think. When sticking to explaining the nine intellectual approaches to judging that he identifies, and to the gap between legal academics and judges, and his well-formulated pragmatic approach to judging, Posner is insightful, accessible, often funny and a model of clarity.

Book Description

A distinguished and experienced appellate court judge, Richard A. Posner offers in this new book a unique and, to orthodox legal thinkers, a startling perspective on how judges and justices decide cases. When conventional legal materials enable judges to ascertain the true facts of a case and apply clear pre-existing legal rules to them, Posner argues, they do so straightforwardly; that is the domain of legalist reasoning. However, in non-routine cases, the conventional materials run out and judges are on their own, navigating uncharted seas with equipment consisting of experience, emotions, and often unconscious beliefs. In doing so, they take on a legislative role, though one that is confined by internal and external constraints, such as professional ethics, opinions of respected colleagues, and limitations imposed by other branches of government on freewheeling judicial discretion. Occasional legislators, judges are motivated by political considerations in a broad and sometimes a narrow sense of that term. In that open area, most American judges are legal pragmatists. Legal pragmatism is forward-looking and policy-based. It focuses on the consequences of a decision in both the short and the long term, rather than on its antecedent logic. Legal pragmatism so understood is really just a form of ordinary practical reasoning, rather than some special kind of legal reasoning.

Supreme Court justices are uniquely free from the constraints on ordinary judges and uniquely tempted to engage in legislative forms of adjudication. More than any other court, the Supreme Court is best understood as a political court.

From the Back Cover

From the book: Ivan Karamazov said that if God does not exist everything is permitted, and traditional legal thinkers are likely to say that if legalism (legal formalism, orthodox legal reasoning, a “government of laws not men,” the “rule of law” as celebrated in the loftiest “Law Day” rhetoric, and so forth) does not exist everything is permitted to judges–so watch out! Legalism does exist, and so not everything is permitted. But its kingdom has shrunk and greyed to the point where today it is largely limited to routine cases, and so a great deal is permitted to judges. Just how much is permitted and how they use their freedom are the principal concerns of this book. . . . I am struck by how unrealistic are the conceptions of the judge held by most people, including practicing lawyers and eminent law professors, who have never been judges–and even by some judges. This unrealism is due to a variety of things, including the different perspectives of the different branches of the legal profession–including also a certain want of imagination. It is also due to the fact that most judges are cagey, even coy, in discussing what they do. They tend to parrot an official line about the judicial process (how rule-bound it is), and often to believe it, though it does not describe their actual practices. This book parts the curtain a bit.

About the Author

Richard A. Posner is Circuit Judge, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, and a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School

马剑银:韦伯的“理性铁笼”与法治困境

哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,
而问题在于改变世界。
——卡尔·马克思

一、社会理论面对的重要问题

虽然,奥古斯特·孔德那雄心勃勃但却带点异想天开的理想——“以社会学取代哲学成为科学王国之皇后”并没有成为现实,但是现代学术分工中,确实出现了哲学与社会理论的分野。随着西方社会的现代转型,社会理论逐渐(在某些场合也称之为“社会哲学”或“社会学理论”)从古典哲学中分离出来,形成了以“行动-结构-功能-价值”四位一体的社会为主要关切对象的学科领域。从某种意义上来说,对现代性问题的阐释与叙述,是社会理论得以产生的重要渊源。

“社会”这一范畴从以亲属关系和家庭组成的私人世界与国家/教会构成的公共世界的二元对立中分化出来之后,在几个世纪中,个人、政治权力以及知识都经历了 “社会化”的过程,整个西方领域中的政治、经济、文化、法律、宗教都在这场“社会化”的现代化运动中发生转型,在转型过程中引发了社会各个部分之间转型不同步而形成的各种冲突、矛盾、紧张和困境,以及人们对这些冲突、矛盾、紧张和困境的焦虑、担忧与找寻出路的渴望,而上述林林总总就构成了现代性问题的主要论域。文艺复兴、启蒙运动、宗教改革、科学主义与科学革命、新大陆的发现以及一系列政治革命(无论是共和主义的还是自由主义的,甚至是社会主义的),都是现代社会兴起过程中的各个领域的断裂性变迁,似乎,仅仅以哲学的方式来解释这些变迁以及变迁过程中的现代性问题,已然是勉为其难,强“哲”所难。于是,需要一种有别于哲学的学问,来因应现代性问题。用马克思的话来说,“哲学家只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于如何改变世界”。

解释现代性问题、回应现代性问题,并在解释与回应的过程中获得行动力量,从而掌握甚至改变社会演进的走向,这是社会理论所面对的重要问题。以不同的方式来解释与回应现代性命题,形成了社会理论的三大经典范式:以社会(结构/关系与价值)的商品化、异化为主要特征,以人的解放(社会行动)为主要目标,则形成了马克思社会理论的主要论点;以社会分化(功能与结构)为现代性独特特征的断言,形成了涂尔干社会理论的主要命题;韦伯的社会理论则以社会(行动、结构与价值)的理性化为主线,以理性代替死去的上帝为世界提供行动力与行动方向。

» 继续阅读 马剑银:韦伯的“理性铁笼”与法治困境 全文

2008-2-23

高鸿钧:社会理论之法与中国语境——与海伦民先生的对话

海伦民(以下简称“海”):高先生,你好,我们是几十年的老朋友了,论关系可以说是亲密无间,很久不见,想念你。读了你们编的《社会理论之法:解读与评析》一书,受益匪浅,但也产生了一些疑问,想就一些问题与你切磋一下,其中主要涉及的是社会理论之法对于中国的借鉴意义。

高:谢谢你对这部文集的关注。这部文集的范围有限,收集的主要是汉语世界关于社会理论之法的重要研究之作。实际上,社会理论之法涉及的范围很广,人物很多,这部文集只涉及了马克思、涂尔干、韦伯和哈贝马斯的理论。我们希望以后逐渐扩展范围,把福柯、布迪厄、卢曼和托依布纳等人社会理论视域中的政治和法律理论也包括进来。关于社会理论之法的特点,我在那篇导言中已经有所阐释,但关于它对于中国的借鉴意义,我在“序言”中没有展开,当时担心序言写得过长会喧宾夺主之嫌,现在看来这确实是个不足。

社会理论之法与中国的相关性

海:在我看来,社会理论之法的作者都是西方学者,所针对是西方社会的背景,他们的“诊断”和“处方”也都主要针对西方社会的问题,请你谈谈这样的理论对于中国问题有何相关性?

高:这个问题提得很好,他们的理论确实是源自西方并主要是针对西方社会的问题,但是,社会理论之法所关注的一个核心问题是“法的现代性”问题,也就是法律与现代社会的关系问题。如果中国还停留在传统社会阶段,可以说社会理论之法完全是对“他者故事”的言说,与中国毫不相关。但是,自鸦片战争以来,中国被卷入了现代化的过程。我们都会承认,中国的现代化面临着许多与西方社会共同的问题,西方的社会理论以及法律理论,总结了西方现代化过程中政治和法律的经验和教训,它们对中国这样的现代化后发国家具有重要的参考价值。我们都知道,伴随着社会的现代化过程,科学和理性逐渐得势,由此而出现的“祛魅”使得神治失去了依据。现代化打破了传统的血缘和特权制身份关系,并以契约关系取而代之;传统的、封闭的熟人社会趋于解体,取而代之的是流动的、开放的陌生人社会,由此借助于熟人情面和舆论压力的道德之治便显得苍白无力。因而在现代社会,无论主张徳治的理想多么高远,最终都会事与愿违,缺乏行动的力量,都会在社会治理方面成为美丽的无果之花。现代社会日趋分化和日渐复杂,各种风险不断增加,在社会管理上一旦出现了决策失误,就会危及全局,带来难以挽回的巨大损失和灾难,凭靠人治是将国家的前途、社会的安危和人们的命运交给某一个人和某几个人,等同于放纵风险和铤而走险,所留下的惨痛的教训触目惊心,因而人治失去了信用。凡此种种都表明,现代社会治理的合法性不可能建立在神灵、道德、习俗或“克里斯玛”(即精英人格)的基础之上,凭靠枪杆子之类的武力来维持权威本身就缺乏合法性,统治难以维持久远,因此,现代社会权力的合法性只能建立在法治的基础之上。涂尔干、韦伯和哈贝马斯的社会理论及其法学理论,都从不同角度阐释了上述发展趋势,并指出了为何现代社会都不期然而然地选择了法治之路。哈贝马斯尤其强调法治的民主基础,认为法治只有真正建立在民主的基础上,才具有正当性,由此现代社会才能得到根本的整合。中国的现代化经历了种种磨难,外丧主权,内乱不已,1949年新中国的建立摆脱了长达100年的混乱局面。然而,由于奉行“以俄为师”的僵化教条和传统专制主义政治文化阴魂不散,中国不知不觉地又陷入了人治的泥沼,以致酿成“文革”的历史悲剧,使得中国经济倒退,政治专制,社会失序,文化凋敝。“文革”结束后,中国才痛定思痛,走向正路,逐渐从计划经济转向市场经济,从自我封闭转向对外开放,从人治转向法治。如果我们早就能够认真对待社会理论及其法学理论,本可以更清醒地认识社会现代化的发展趋势,更理性地选择社会的治理模式,更及时地实现民主和法治,从而避免曲折和弯路。当然,我们现在认识到这一切虽略显“悔之晚矣”,但犹可“亡羊补牢”,认清当下和今后的努力方向。

» 继续阅读 高鸿钧:社会理论之法与中国语境——与海伦民先生的对话 全文

2008-2-22

和互联网有关的部分CC作品

来源:Creative Commons

55 Ways to Have Fun With Google by Philipp Lenssen (下载页面许可协议

Code 2.0 by Lawernce Lessig (下载页面许可协议

Cultural Software: A Theory of Ideology by J.M. Balkin (下载页面许可协议

Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig (下载页面许可协议

Freedom of Expression by Kembrew McLeod (下载页面许可协议

Peers, Pirates, and Persuasion: Rhetoric in the Peer-to-Peer Debates by John Logie (下载页面许可协议

The Furure of Ideas by Lawrence Lessig (下载页面许可协议

The Media in the Network Society by Gustavo Cardoso (下载页面许可协议

The Wealth of Networks by Yochai Benkler (下载页面许可协议

We the Media by Dan Gillmor (下载页面许可协议

Unbounded Freedom: a guide to Creative Commons thinking for cultural organisations by Rosemary Bechler (下载页面许可协议

Wireless Networking in the Developing World by Corinna Aichele et.al (下载页面许可协议

Producing Open Source Software by Karl Fogel (下载页面许可协议

Mystic Microsoft: A Journey of Transformation in the Halls of High Technology by Kraig Brockschmidt (下载页面许可协议

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