幸福

冯象:回头

上帝灭所多玛一事,载《创世记》十九章。悲剧末尾有一细节,历代注家歧见纷纭。这也难怪,圣言俭约,内中的深意,便是圣人也道不尽呢(创19:16以下):

罗得一家四口,被天使攥着手带到城外:逃命去吧!天使叮嘱罗得,“不许回头看,也不可在平坝里停步;要一口气跑到那边山上,否则你[们]也一起灭亡”!逃到小镇蕞尔,太阳刚升上地平线。突然,漫天落下燃烧着的硫磺,顿时,所多玛与俄摩拉一片火海:耶和华夷平了整条河谷,连同所有的人畜草木。“[罗得]的妻子[忍不住]回头张望,立刻变成了一根盐柱”。

问题是,既已出离了耶和华眼里的邪恶之城,救主为何不许获救的“回头看”呢?假设天使对家长的警告适用于全家(故拙译作复数:“你们”也一起灭亡),罗得妻看到了什么?犯了上帝的什么禁忌?

这“回头”一节,遂成了圣史上一个谜团:经师串解论辩,神学家证之于信条,表现在西洋文艺,更是佳作叠出。当代学者的诠释,波兰学者柯瓦柯夫斯基(Leszek Kołakowski, 1927~2009)有一则寓言《罗得妻》,我以为于国人极有批判思考的意义。依其描写,那倒霉的妇人所犯的死罪,是回望了自己的过去;而至高者的计划,却是要逃生者忘掉“旧我”,终结历史,“做一个不同的人”(《上帝幸福否》,页311)。这可说是一种戏仿式的讽喻;我们先敷演他的故事,再作分析。另外,柯氏的文笔是学院派头,未免枝枝蔓蔓,挂些绕弯儿的大词,这些都替他修剪了。

波斯纳、桑斯坦(编)《法律与幸福》[Law and Happiness]

Law and Happiness, edited by Eric A. Posner and Cass R. Sunstein, University of Chicago Press 2010.

Product Description

Law and HappinessSince the earliest days of philosophy, thinkers have debated the meaning of the term happiness and the nature of the good life. But it is only in recent years that the study of happiness – or ‘hedonics’ – has developed into a formal field of inquiry, cutting across a broad range of disciplines and offering insights into a variety of crucial questions of law and public policy. Law and Happiness brings together the best and most influential thinkers in the field to explore the question of what happiness is – and what factors can be demonstrated to increase or decrease it. Martha C. Nussbaum offers an account of the way that hedonics can productively be applied to psychology; Cass R. Sunstein considers the unexpected relationship between happiness and health problems; Matthew Adler and Eric A. Posner view hedonics through the lens of cost-benefit analysis; David A. Weisbach considers the relationship between happiness and taxation; Mark A. Cohen examines the role that crime – and fear of crime – can play in people’s assessment of their happiness; and, other distinguished contributors take similarly innovative approaches to the topic of happiness. The result is a kaleidoscopic overview of this increasingly prominent field, offering surprising new perspectives and incisive analyses that will have profound implications for the law and our lives.