科斯、王宁：研究中国经济十法

本文来源于《中国改革》　2010年第3期 出版日期2010年03月01日

罗纳德·科斯（Ronald Coase） 王宁

　　静态世界中的资源分配是经济学研究的核心问题。在这个想象中的世界，商品和服务的种类都是既定的，甚至允许把未来的商品和服务以跨期贸易（intertemporal trade）的方式计算在内。此外，生产技术也是给定的。所以，无论从整个系统还是从参与者的角度出发，这都是一个静态的世界。

　　就系统的层面看来，这个世界本质上是封闭的，并不存在奈特（Knightian）或者凯恩斯（Keynesian）理论所述的新变化或不确定性。未来世界与现行世界一样可以被明确规定。在个体层面上，经济主体并不考虑创新产品或新的生产方式。前提是所有经济主体皆可平等获得既定的生产技术，这样，研究者不必考虑经济主体的学习空间。

　　在这个静态的世界，任何资源的配置都将以利益最大化为目标，所有潜在的交易收益都将在市场均衡的条件下实现。这种均衡通常被认为是一个价格向量：包含生产要素在内的所有商品和服务的供求形势共同决定了价格。由此看来，这种理论被称为价格理论也就不足为怪了。

　　价格理论之所以意义重大，是因为它有助于我们理解在一个封闭且分权化的体系内的资源配置问题。亚当·斯密的经典思想是，一个纯粹的分权化的经济体系背后似乎有一只“看不见的手”神奇地引导着秩序。而价格理论将这位经济学家洞察力强大的成果进一步理论化了。不过，现代的价格理论固然更为严谨，却也存在盲点和纰漏。这一理论最明显的疏漏在于，它没有体现生产的作用。

　　在实际生产中商品和服务是怎样产生的？新型商品和服务以及新的生产方式如何创造并传播？生产和创新应如何组织？商品和服务的生产方式以及新产品的发明又是由什么因素决定的？这一系列问题很难通过经济学通常的研究议程解决。其特殊之处在于，经济学理论很少涉及生产过程的研究。

　　当经济模型中所有的商品和服务作为给定条件时，生产的过程就几乎被完全忽略了。似乎只需使用一个生产函数就足以将生产要素转化为相应的商品和服务。但是，对于任何现实世界中的经济体系，企业在考虑资源配置问题之前，必须首先决定生产哪些商品和服务，并学习相关生产技术。此后，企业必须实际组织生产过程，毕竟它们并不能魔法般地将生产要素转化为消费者所需的商品和服务。上述的每一步都可能出现各种各样的差错，比如选错目标商品，高估或低估消费需求，处理雇佣关系或客户关系不当。因此，很多新兴企业纷纷折戟商场，销声匿迹。这些企业的错误或许拖累了其他公司，但是同时也为其他企业提供了前车之鉴，帮助它们存活得更久。

New Book: The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy by Richard Posner

The Crisis of Capitalist DemocracyThe Crisis of Capitalist Democracy by Richard A. Posner, Harvard University Press (March 31, 2010)

购买本书@亚马逊

Following up on his timely and well-received book, A Failure of Capitalism, Richard Posner steps back to take a longer view of the continuing crisis of democratic capitalism as the American and world economies crawl gradually back from the depths to which they had fallen in the autumn of 2008 and the winter of 2009.

By means of a lucid narrative of the crisis and a series of analytical chapters pinpointing critical issues of economic collapse and gradual recovery, Posner helps non-technical readers understand business-cycle and financial economics, and financial and governmental institutions, practices, and transactions, while maintaining a neutrality impossible for persons professionally committed to one theory or another. He calls for fresh thinking about the business cycle that would build on the original ideas of Keynes. Central to these ideas is that of uncertainty as opposed to risk. Risk can be quantified and measured. Uncertainty cannot, and in this lies the inherent instability of a capitalist economy.

As we emerge from the financial earthquake, a deficit aftershock rumbles. It is in reference to that potential aftershock, as well as to the government’s stumbling efforts at financial regulatory reform, that Posner raises the question of the adequacy of our democratic institutions to the economic challenges heightened by the greatest economic crisis since the Great Depression. The crisis and the government’s energetic response to it have enormously increased the national debt at the same time that structural defects in the American political system may make it impossible to pay down the debt by any means other than inflation or devaluation.

塞林格作品新封面

塞林格肯定是一个奇人，其中一奇是他对自己作品的封面设计要求极为苛刻，不过他作品的（美国版）封面却多不好看，比如代表作 The Catcher in the Rye 的封面，我就无论如何喜欢不起来：

The Catcher in the Rye
不知道是不是由于某些封面设计不佳的原因，塞先生才对封面变得苛刻起来。不过，丑陋的局面即将改变了，《卫报》报道，塞林格作品将以新的系列封面重印上市：

Before his death, JD Salinger’s publisher, Hamish Hamilton, worked with him to produce jackets for reissues of his books (originally planned for June, they are now due out next month). …

Simon Prosser, publishing director, Hamish Hamilton: “There are strict rules about JD Salinger’s covers. The only copy allowed on the books, back or front, is the author name and the title. Nothing else at all: no quotes, no cover blurb, no biography. We’re not really sure why this is, but it gives you definite guidelines. Last year we decided it was probably time to re-design the covers, and we wanted a unique typeface that stood out. We commissioned Seb Lester, the highly regarded type designer, to hand-draw a font; that font, on the cover of these re-issues, is a one-off and is known in-house here at Hamish Hamilton as the ‘Salinger’.”

这套新封面是 Seb Lester 设计的，相当赏心悦目：

For Esmé – with Love and Squalor
This collection, originally published as Nine Stories in the US in 1953, contains some of Salinger’s greatest short fiction, including the title story (first published in the New Yorker in 1950), in which an army sergeant recalls his meeting with a young girl before he was sent to war, and A Perfect Day for Bananafish, the first of Salinger’s stories of the Glass family.

理查德·波斯纳：1937，2010（《新共和》书评）

Richard Posner, “1937, 2010,” The New Republic, February 17, 2010.

评论的书是 Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court, by Jeff Shesol (W.W. Norton, 2010, 656 pp., $27.95)

Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court

In 1937 President Roosevelt tried to “pack” the Supreme Court–increase its size so that he could fill the vacancies thus created with liberals, who would shift the balance of power from the conservative majority that had invalidated a number of New Deal laws. Surprisingly–considering the overwhelming margin by which Roosevelt had been re-elected in 1936, the Democrats’ lock on both houses of Congress, and the pertinacity with which he pushed his plan–the Court-packing bill never even came to a vote.

理查德·波斯纳：美国国债的真实危险

The Real Danger of Debt
The United States is deep in the red — and doesn’t have the political tools to get out.
BY RICHARD A. POSNER | FOREIGN POLICY, FEBRUARY 16, 2010

In 2000, the United States had a balanced federal budget. Today, America has a deficit problem that threatens the country’s future. It is compounded by former President George W. Bush’s fiscal recklessness, the economic crisis that began with September 2008’s financial collapse, President Barack Obama’s spending ambitions, and the mysterious ability of the weakened Republican Party to create political deadlock in Congress.

奥斯丁·萨拉特等编《法律与人文导论》[Law and the Humanities: An Introduction]

Law and the Humanities: An IntroductionLaw and the Humanities: An Introduction, edited by Austin Sarat, Matthew Anderson, Cathrine O. Frank, Cambridge University Press 2009.

购买本书@亚马逊

Book Description

Law and the Humanities: An Introduction brings together a distinguished group of scholars from law schools and from an array of the disciplines in the humanities. Contributors come from the United States and abroad in recognition of the global reach of this field. This book is, at one and the same time, a stock-taking of different national traditions and of the various modes and subjects of law and humanities scholarship. It is also an effort to chart future directions for the field. By reviewing and analyzing existing scholarship and providing thematic content and distinctive arguments, it offers to its readers both a resource and a provocation. Thus, Law and the Humanities marks the maturation of this “law and” enterprise and will spur its further development.

Table of contents

Contributors / ix
Acknowledgments / xi
Introduction: On the Origins and Prospects of the Humanistic Study of Law / Austin Sarat, Matthew Anderson, and Cathrine O. Frank / 1
I. PERSPECTIVES ON THE HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SCHOLARSHIP IN LAW AND THE HUMANITIES: THREE VIEWS / 47
1 A Humanities of Resistance: Fragments for a Legal History of Humanity / Costas Douzinas / 49
2 Three Tales of Two Texts: An Introduction to Law and the Humanities / Kathryn Abrams / 73
3 Law, Culture, and Humility / Steven L. Winter / 98

II. IDEAS OF JUSTICE / 123
4 Biblical Justice: The Passion of the God of Justice / Chaya Halberstam / 125
5 Ideas of Justice: Natural and Human / Catherine Kellogg / 141
6 Ideas of Justice: Positive / Matthew Noah Smith / 161
7 Postmodern Justice / Peter Goodrich / 188

III. IMAGINING THE LAW / 211
8 Imagining the Law: The Novel / Susan Sage Heinzelman / 213
9 Imagining Law as Film (Representation without Reference?) / Richard K. Sherwin / 241
10 Law and Television: Screen Phenomena and Captive Audiences / Susanna Lee / 269
11 Imagining the Law: Art / Christine Haight Farley / 292

IV. LINGUISTIC, LITERARY, AND CULTURAL PROCESSES IN LAW / 313
12 Language / Penelope Pether / 315
13 Interpretation / Francis J. Mootz III / 339
14 Narrative and Rhetoric / Ravit Reichman / 377
15 Justice as Translation / Harriet Murav / 398
16 The Constitution of History and Memory / Ariela Gross / 416

V. INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES / 453
17 Trials / Lindsay Farmer / 455
18 Testimony, Witnessing / Jan-Melissa Schramm / 478
19 Judgment in Law and the Humanities / Desmond Manderson / 496
20 Punishment / Karl Shoemaker / 517
Index / 531

姚洋：北京共识的终结

Beijing’s ongoing efforts to promote growth are infringing on people’s economic and political rights. In order to survive, the Chinese government will have to start allowing ordinary citizens to take part in the political process.

Yang Yao, “The End of the Beijing Consensus,” Foreign Affairs, February 2, 2010.

Since China began undertaking economic reforms in 1978, its economy has grown at a rate of nearly ten percent a year, and its per-capita GDP is now twelve times greater than it was three decades ago. Many analysts attribute the country’s economic success to its unconventional approach to economic policy — a combination of mixed ownership, basic property rights, and heavy government intervention. Time magazine’s former foreign editor, Joshua Cooper Ramo, has even given it a name: the Beijing consensus.

苏力：我和你深深嵌在这个世界之中

——从戴安娜之死说起

一切都四散了，再也保不住中心……

——叶芝《基督重临》

1997年8月30日午夜，备受公众和传媒(或者应改为传媒和公众？这是一个问题)关注的英国王妃戴安娜魂断巴黎；[1]一个星期之后，英国举行了据称是继丘吉尔之后20世纪最隆重的葬礼。备享哀荣之后，戴安娜的灵魂将得到安息。然而她身后的这个世界却仍为她和她的死不安，以至于远在东方的《天涯》杂志为此要编发一个专题，以至于我这个只能算知道戴安娜名字的法律教授也居然开“机”，而不是提笔，为她的死写下这篇并不仅仅关涉法律的短文。

一

许多人将戴安娜之死归罪于传媒；戴安娜之兄查尔斯·斯潘塞更明确指责报界手上有戴安娜的血。但是，这种情绪化语言不应影响我们对这一不幸事件本身的考察，以至于走进了语言构建的迷宫。只要仔细看一看有关报道，就会发现，即使是那几位追逐戴安娜的摄影记者，也没有造成戴安娜的死亡，最多只是引发戴安娜死亡的因素之一。司机体内的过度酒精(超过“正常”范围三倍多)，超高速行车(时速160公里)，以及死者未系安全带(唯一系了安全带的保镖活了下来)，我想，如果不为感情迷惑，任何人都可以判断，这些才是造成车毁人亡的真正的和最根本的原因。酒后驾车和不系安全带与“狗仔队”的追踪毫无关系，却为法律甚或现代公共道德所不容；高速行车也许与试图摆脱记者有关，但这也不足以构成在市区违章超高速行车的一个充分理由或借口；毕竟，可厌的狗仔队的亮闪闪镜头并不是匪徒的黑洞洞枪口。因此，就戴安娜之死而言，我认为，承担主要责任的应当是酗酒的司机，以及要求或至少默许了(对于这一点，我们也许永远无法知晓)高速行车的多迪和戴安娜。说记者杀死了戴安娜，如果不是非常不公平，那也是一种修辞。事实上，法国警方也仅仅宣布对这些记者是否构成“非故意杀人”或“见死不救”进行调查，至于能否提出指控，即使提出指控后能否最后认定，都还是问题。如果事实真的大致如新闻报道所言(我的判断还是将不幸地取决于传媒)，那么，我敢预言，对这些记者将不了了之；他们最多只会受到一些象征性的处罚。[2]

我并不试图为这几位摄影记者开脱责任。就这一事件而言，他们确有“责任”。他们的令戴安娜讨厌但难以逃避和躲藏的镜头；车祸发生后他们没有首先救人(尽管这仍并不一定是他们的法律责任，而只是作为一个普通人的道德责任，因此不是强制性的)，却抢着拍摄可供发表赚钱的照片；他们甚至可能妨碍了救援人员的及时救助；这些也许都是他们应承担的责任，甚至应当受到某种行政和/或职业的惩处。但这都不是对戴安娜之死的法律责任。

波斯纳、桑斯坦（编）《法律与幸福》[Law and Happiness]

Law and Happiness, edited by Eric A. Posner and Cass R. Sunstein, University of Chicago Press 2010.

Product Description

Law and HappinessSince the earliest days of philosophy, thinkers have debated the meaning of the term happiness and the nature of the good life. But it is only in recent years that the study of happiness – or ‘hedonics’ – has developed into a formal field of inquiry, cutting across a broad range of disciplines and offering insights into a variety of crucial questions of law and public policy. Law and Happiness brings together the best and most influential thinkers in the field to explore the question of what happiness is – and what factors can be demonstrated to increase or decrease it. Martha C. Nussbaum offers an account of the way that hedonics can productively be applied to psychology; Cass R. Sunstein considers the unexpected relationship between happiness and health problems; Matthew Adler and Eric A. Posner view hedonics through the lens of cost-benefit analysis; David A. Weisbach considers the relationship between happiness and taxation; Mark A. Cohen examines the role that crime – and fear of crime – can play in people’s assessment of their happiness; and, other distinguished contributors take similarly innovative approaches to the topic of happiness. The result is a kaleidoscopic overview of this increasingly prominent field, offering surprising new perspectives and incisive analyses that will have profound implications for the law and our lives.

《清华法治论衡》第十二辑：社会理论之法前沿

《清华法治论衡》第十二辑：社会理论之法前沿，高鸿钧、於兴中主编，清华大学出版社2009年12月。

目 录

卷首语 / 《黑客帝国》的隐喻：秩序、法律与自由 / 高鸿钧

主题论文

社会理论与法学研究 / 於兴中

社会理论之法与法律研究中的社会理论 / [英]罗杰·科特雷尔 / 俗僧 译

法律与法律思想的三次全球化：1850-2000 / [美]邓肯·肯尼迪 / 高鸿钧 译

法院在法律系统中的地位 / [德]尼可拉斯·卢曼 / 陆宇峰 译

作为法律系统核心的司法——卢曼的法律系统论及其启示 / 泮伟江

宪法爱国主义的基本理论 / [德]米勒 / 徐宵飞 译

没有国家的爱国主义？——米勒与他的《宪法爱国主义》 / 翟志勇

埃利希法社会学视野下的法律多元 / 鞠成伟

法律与道德关系的法理辨析——以霍姆斯“法律预测理论”为视角 / 明辉

规训与治理——福柯视野中的现代社会权力形式 / 秦士君

法律有效性的界定——兼论哈贝马斯的法律有效性理论 / 李小萍

法苑论评

法有正条与罪刑不符——《大清律例》“审拟罪名不得擅拟加等”条例考 / 陈新宇

法律与社会理论中的价值批判和理性建构 / 胡水君

联邦制应否基于民族政治自治？——从俄罗斯联邦制与民族主义的关系谈起 / 程雪阳

司法与民主：悖离抑或共生 / 许可

现代性、法律秩序与人的解放——读昂格尔《现代社会中的法律》 / 柯岚

通过网络的协商民主——评桑斯坦的《网络共和国》与《信息乌托邦》 / 毕竞悦

疑难案件与法律推理——麦考密克之《法律推理与法律理论》评析 / 褚国建

卡尔·施米特：现代性与决断论——从海因里希·迈尔的两部作品开始 / 赖骏楠

资讯漫笔

苏联法学家的命运（二）——维辛斯基不同寻常的一生 / 王志华

宪法爱国主义 / [德]斯登贝格 / 陈克勋 赖骏楠 译

中国大陆哈贝马斯政治法律思想研究文献综述：1978-2008 / 张伟

“社会理论之法与中国语境” 座谈会综述 / 雨轩

编后记 / 慧剑修罗

高鸿钧：《黑客帝国》的隐喻：秩序、法律与自由

《清华法治论衡》第12辑“社会理论之法前沿”卷首语

在“社会理论之法”的论题中提及《黑客帝国》，犹如在麦当娜的话题中扯上麦当劳，似乎离题太远。然而，当我们注意到以下线索，就会觉得这种联想也许并非牵强附会。在那部影片中，一个黑客去同尼奥私下交易，尼奥从一本掏空的书中拿出一张非法软件，《拟像与仿真》的书名随之闪现。这个特写镜头暗示影片与作品的潜在联系，也传达了导演对该书作者的敬意。该书作者是是当代社会理论大师鲍德里亚，导演卓斯基兄弟是他的书迷，影片立意、话语和意象无不闪烁着鲍式的思想、洞识与灵感。另一个线索是，德国的托依布纳是卢曼社会系统论和法律系统论的得力传人，他在《匿名的魔阵：跨国活动中“私人”对人权的侵犯》一文中，所使用的“魔阵”一词是Matrix的中文译名，而“黑客帝国”恰是Matrix另一种中文译名，两者都是对现代社会的隐喻。

一

Matrix是什么？它是母体，是魔阵，是系统，是控制。它是我们最大的敌人，置身其中，四处一望，我们可以见到官员、商人、教师、律师、木匠以及其他芸芸众生。Matrix无处不在：当我们置身办公室、课堂、会场、股市、网络、厕所以及睡梦中，它都如影随形，跟踪着我们，控制着我们。正是这个Matrix蒙骗了我们的眼睛，使我们看不见真相，麻醉了我们的神经，使我们觉察不到虚假。它禁锢了我们的大脑，使我们失去了反思意识；束缚了我们的手脚，使我们丧失了反抗能力。我们处在战时，却误以为和平；成为了奴隶，却误以为自由；拥抱愚昧，却误以为追求真理。于是，战争即和平，自由即奴役，无知即力量。

斯蒂芬·哈里斯：《理解圣经》（Understanding the Bible）第8版

圣经教科书，最新版：

Stephen Harris, Understanding the Bible, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill 2010. ISBN-10: 0073407445; ISBN-13: 9780073407449.

Understanding the BibleOverview

This best-selling nonsectarian guide is designed for students undertaking their first systematic study of the Bible. Placing each book of the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and the New Testament fully in its historical and cultural context, Understanding the Bible acquaints readers with the content as well as the major themes of each biblical book, and familiarizes them with the goals and methods of important scholarship.

高峰枫：保罗的右耳

英国作家威尔逊（A. N. Wilson）多才多艺，而且多产。他不仅创作小说，还是知名的传记作家，所作《托尔斯泰传》和《C. S. 路易斯传》都是极负盛名的作品。威尔逊对基督教念念不忘，上世纪最后十年间，曾接连出版三部著作：《耶稣传》（Jesus: A Life, 1992），《保罗传》（Paul: The Mind of the Apostle, 1997），《上帝的葬礼》（God’s Funeral, 1999）。最后这一部书讨论的是欧洲十九世纪宗教的衰落，书名来自哈代于二十世纪初年所作的一首诗。前两部书则直探基督教历史本源，分别为创教两位核心人物作传。威尔逊写的虽然是畅销书，但是看他附在书后的参考文献，可知他对于专业学者的研究成果非常熟悉。能广泛涉猎新约研究的各家著述，又不掉书袋，将枯燥的学术问题讲得清楚、有趣，这可算是这两部传记的突出特点。

God's Funeral要想了解耶稣，需先了解保罗。因为新约中的保罗书信，写作时间要早于福音书，是基督教文献中最早论及耶稣的。更重要的是，历史上的耶稣能演化成神学上的“基督”，保罗起了关键作用。新约当中有一部《使徒行传》，算得上是保罗最早的传记。保罗是犹太人，少时来到耶路撒冷，追随法利赛人。一开始，他对于奉耶稣为救世主的新兴教派极端敌视，下手不留情面。《使徒行传》中说他“残害教会，进各人的家，拉着男女下在监里”（8:3），“向主的门徒口吐威吓凶杀的话”（9:1），明显是逼迫早期信徒的急先锋。保罗后来在去大马士革的路上，忽见大光，并听到有声音斥责他的所作所为。那声音又说：“我就是你所逼迫的耶稣。”保罗于是三日之内，目不能视物，不吃也不喝。这便是保罗皈依的经历，在《使徒行传》中记录了三次（第9章、22章和26章）。

Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. By Joseph E. Stiglitz

Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy, by Joseph E. Stiglitz. W. W. Norton & Company 2010.

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NYT: Skepticism for Obama’s Fiscal Policy

FreefallReview

Stiglitz’s view of the crisis describes a possible road—a better road—than the one taken by the Obama administration. And his book concludes with broader proposals for a better balance between market and civil society, domestically and globally. What makes Stiglitz special is that, along with Paul Krugman, he is the rare progressive in a profession whose norms resist tampering with the verdicts of markets or the power of private capital and also one of the few world-class technical economists who can write lucidly for a lay audience. The tone of this book is good-humored and public-minded. (Bob Kuttner – The American Prospect)

Product Description

Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz explains the current financial crisis—and the coming global economic order. The current global financial crisis carries a “made-in-America” label. In this forthright and incisive book, Nobel Laureate Joseph E. Stiglitz explains how America exported bad economics, bad policies, and bad behavior to the rest of the world, only to cobble together a haphazard and ineffective response when the markets finally seized up. Drawing on his academic expertise, his years spent shaping policy in the Clinton administration and at the World Bank, and his more recent role as head of a UN commission charged with reforming the global financial system, Stiglitz outlines a way forward building on ideas that he has championed his entire career: restoring the balance between markets and government, addressing the inequalities of the global financial system, and demanding more good ideas (and less ideology) from economists.

Freefall is an instant classic, combining an enthralling whodunit account of the current crisis with a bracing discussion of the broader economic issues at stake. .

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